2025’s Biggest Healthcare IT Trends: What’s Changing and Why It Matters

Healthcare IT is no longer just about keeping records or managing workflows—it’s now a driving force behind better patient care, faster diagnoses, and improved health outcomes. As cybersecurity threats rise, data volumes grow, and patient expectations shift toward digital-first experiences, the industry is rapidly evolving to meet new challenges.

In 2025, groundbreaking healthcare IT innovations—from AI-powered diagnostics to cloud-driven interoperability—are transforming how providers deliver care, protect patient data, and optimize clinical efficiency. These trends aren’t just about technology—they’re reshaping the future of medicine, reducing medical errors, personalizing treatments, and making healthcare more accessible than ever.

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Enhancing Diagnostics and Treatment

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a cornerstone of modern healthcare, revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment planning. By 2025, AI-driven tools are integral in medical practice, providing clinicians with rapid access to evidence-based research and treatment guidelines. These advancements not only expedite diagnoses but also enhance accuracy, reduce errors, and offer personalized patient care.

AI in Diagnostics

Superior Diagnostic Accuracy

AI algorithms have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in diagnosing complex conditions. For instance, in dermatology, AI systems have been developed to identify skin cancers with high accuracy. Studies have shown that these AI models can outperform experienced dermatologists in detecting malignant melanomas. A study published in The Lancet Digital Health reported that AI applications generally perform well in diagnosis, although doctors were superior in treatment decisions. eCancer

Early Disease Detection

Beyond dermatology, AI's predictive capabilities are transforming early disease detection. Machine learning models can analyze vast datasets to identify patterns indicative of early disease stages, often before symptoms manifest. For example, AI has been utilized to detect early signs of diseases by analyzing medical data, enabling interventions that can significantly improve patient outcomes. World Economic Forum

AI in Treatment Planning

Personalized Medicine

AI facilitates the development of personalized treatment plans by analyzing individual patient data, including genetic information, lifestyle factors, and medical history. This approach allows for therapies tailored to the unique characteristics of each patient, enhancing efficacy and reducing adverse effects. In oncology, AI-driven analysis of tumor genetics enables the selection of targeted therapies, improving survival rates and quality of life.

Predictive Analytics for Treatment Outcomes

AI's ability to process and analyze large datasets enables the prediction of treatment responses. By examining historical patient data, AI models can forecast how patients might respond to specific treatments, assisting clinicians in selecting the most effective interventions. This predictive power is particularly valuable in managing chronic diseases, where treatment regimens can be complex and require frequent adjustments.

Integration into Clinical Practice

The integration of AI into clinical workflows enhances the efficiency and quality of patient care. AI-powered decision support systems provide real-time insights, aiding clinicians in making informed decisions swiftly. For example, AI applications in radiology can analyze imaging studies rapidly, highlighting areas of concern and reducing the time to diagnosis. Similarly, in pathology, AI assists in identifying abnormal tissue samples, streamlining the diagnostic process.

While AI offers numerous benefits, its integration into healthcare also presents challenges. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of AI systems is paramount, as errors can have significant consequences. Additionally, ethical considerations regarding patient data privacy and the potential for algorithmic bias must be addressed. Ongoing collaboration between technologists, clinicians, and policymakers is essential to develop robust frameworks that govern the use of AI in healthcare.

By 2025, AI has solidified its role in enhancing diagnostics and treatment planning, leading to improved patient outcomes and more efficient healthcare delivery. As AI technologies continue to evolve, their integration into various medical specialties promises a future where healthcare is more precise, personalized, and proactive. BCG, World Economic Forum

2. Telehealth and Virtual Care Expansion

The adoption of telehealth has surged, offering patients remote access to healthcare services. In 2025, telehealth and virtual care have reached new frontiers, providing convenient and efficient care delivery. This expansion includes virtual consultations, remote monitoring, and digital therapeutics, enabling continuous patient engagement and management. These services have been particularly beneficial in managing chronic diseases and improving access to care in underserved areas. Trinetix

Virtual Consultations: Redefining Patient-Provider Interactions

Virtual consultations have become a standard practice, enabling patients to connect with healthcare providers from the comfort of their homes. This approach reduces the need for travel, minimizes waiting times, and offers flexibility in scheduling, leading to increased patient satisfaction and adherence to medical advice. The integration of user-friendly platforms ensures seamless interactions, with features such as integrated video calls keeping users engaged within a single platform, eliminating the need for external applications. Behavioral Health Tech

Remote Monitoring: Continuous Oversight for Chronic Conditions

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) technologies have advanced, allowing continuous tracking of health metrics such as blood pressure, glucose levels, and heart rate. These tools are particularly beneficial for managing chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension, enabling early detection of anomalies and timely interventions. Studies have shown that RPM can lead to a 35% reduction in hospital admissions for patients with chronic conditions, highlighting its impact on improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. Psico Smart

Digital Therapeutics: Personalized and Accessible Care

Digital therapeutics have emerged as effective tools in managing various health conditions, including mental health disorders and insomnia. For instance, digital cognitive behavioral therapy applications have been recognized as effective alternatives to traditional treatments, offering personalized care plans and real-time support. These innovations not only enhance treatment accessibility but also address systemic issues such as therapist shortages and long waiting lists. The Guardian

Enhancing Access in Underserved Areas

Telehealth has played a pivotal role in bridging the healthcare access gap in underserved and rural communities. By leveraging virtual care, patients in remote areas can consult specialists without the burden of travel, ensuring timely medical attention. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth served as a crucial bridge to behavioral healthcare for medically underserved groups, demonstrating its potential to provide equitable healthcare solutions. Rural Health Information Hub

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been integrated into telehealth platforms to enhance diagnostic accuracy and operational efficiency. AI-driven tools assist in analyzing patient data, predicting health trends, and providing decision support to clinicians. This integration leads to more accurate diagnoses, personalized treatment plans, and improved patient outcomes. The use of AI in telehealth is expected to continue growing, further refining remote care models and expanding the scope of virtual healthcare services. whereby.com

Despite the advancements, challenges persist in the widespread adoption of telehealth. Ensuring equitable access requires addressing barriers such as internet connectivity issues, especially in rural areas, and providing digital literacy education to patients unfamiliar with technology. Additionally, regulatory considerations, including licensure and reimbursement policies, need continuous evaluation to keep pace with the evolving telehealth landscape.

3. Integration of Wearable Technology

Wearable devices have become ubiquitous, allowing continuous monitoring of health metrics. In 2025, these devices play a crucial role in preventive care by detecting early signs of health issues and enabling timely interventions. Wearable technologies help prevent health issues by providing real-time data to both patients and healthcare providers, facilitating proactive health management. Trinetix

4. Advanced Data Management and Interoperability

Effective data management is essential for informed decision-making in healthcare. In 2025, healthcare organizations focus on maturing data management as a foundational measure, ensuring that data is well-managed and appropriately governed. This includes implementing interoperable systems that allow seamless sharing of patient information across platforms, enhancing care coordination and reducing errors. HealthTech Magazine

In 2025, the healthcare industry has made significant strides in data management and interoperability, recognizing their critical roles in enhancing patient care and operational efficiency. Healthcare organizations are now prioritizing robust data governance and the implementation of interoperable systems to facilitate seamless sharing of patient information across diverse platforms. This evolution is instrumental in improving care coordination, reducing errors, and fostering a more connected healthcare ecosystem.

The Imperative for Advanced Data Management

Effective data management serves as the foundation for informed decision-making in healthcare. With the exponential growth of health data, organizations are focusing on maturing their data management practices to ensure data is accurate, accessible, and secure. This maturation involves the adoption of standardized data formats and the integration of advanced analytics to derive actionable insights from complex datasets. By 2025, healthcare providers are leveraging these practices to enhance patient outcomes and streamline operations.

Achieving Seamless Interoperability

Interoperability—the ability of different health information systems to exchange and utilize data effectively—has become a cornerstone of modern healthcare. In 2025, the adoption of interoperability standards such as HL7's Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) has become widespread, enabling disparate systems to communicate effortlessly. This standardization allows for real-time access to comprehensive patient records, facilitating coordinated care and minimizing the risk of medical errors. For instance, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have been instrumental in advancing interoperability and healthcare data exchange across the industry. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

Regulatory Drivers and Initiatives

Legislative actions have significantly propelled the advancement of interoperability. The 21st Century Cures Act, enacted in 2016, mandated robust standards for data sharing, aiming to create a more connected and efficient healthcare system. By 2025, compliance with such regulations is not only a legal obligation but also a competitive advantage, as organizations that embrace interoperability are better positioned to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care. Hit Consultant

Integration of Artificial Intelligence

The fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) with interoperable health data systems has opened new avenues for innovation. AI algorithms can analyze integrated datasets to identify patterns, predict patient outcomes, and support clinical decision-making. This synergy enhances the precision of diagnostics and the personalization of treatment plans, leading to improved patient outcomes. For example, AI integration with interoperable platforms enhances data integration, processing, and clinical decision-making. Integration Academy

Despite the progress, challenges persist in achieving full interoperability. Data silos, varying standards, and concerns about data privacy and security continue to pose obstacles. Addressing these issues requires ongoing collaboration among healthcare providers, technology vendors, and policymakers. Efforts are underway to harmonize standards and develop frameworks that balance data accessibility with robust privacy protections. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, the commitment to advancing data management and interoperability remains pivotal in delivering high-quality, efficient, and patient-centered care.

5. Personalized Medicine Through Genomic Data

Advancements in genomics have paved the way for personalized medicine. In 2025, genetic testing is more accessible, enabling the prediction and prevention of diseases. For example, Bupa offers a genetic test capable of accurately predicting the risk of common diseases, aiding in early detection and targeted prevention strategies. The Times

Increased Accessibility of Genetic Testing

The cost of genetic sequencing has dramatically decreased, making genetic testing more accessible to the general population. This affordability enables more individuals to undergo genetic testing, leading to early identification of disease risks and the implementation of personalized prevention plans. For instance, Bupa offers a genetic test capable of accurately predicting the risk of common diseases, aiding in early detection and targeted prevention strategies. The Times

Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) in Disease Prediction

Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) have emerged as a powerful tool in assessing an individual's genetic predisposition to various diseases. By analyzing multiple genetic variants, PRS provides a comprehensive risk assessment for conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. This information empowers healthcare providers to develop personalized monitoring and prevention strategies tailored to each patient's genetic profile. Studies have shown that genetic screening tests utilizing PRS can potentially reduce premature preventable deaths from diseases such as breast cancer, diabetes, and hypertension by 25%. Financial Times

The integration of genomic data into routine healthcare has facilitated a shift from reactive to proactive medical care. Healthcare providers now incorporate genetic information into patient records, allowing for personalized treatment plans and preventive measures. This approach not only improves patient outcomes but also enhances the efficiency of healthcare systems by focusing resources on high-risk individuals. For example, Bupa's Health Insights test generates genetic risk scores to aid in the early detection of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. The Times

Despite the benefits, the widespread adoption of personalized medicine through genomic data presents challenges. Ensuring data privacy and security is paramount, as genetic information is highly sensitive. Additionally, ethical considerations regarding genetic discrimination and informed consent must be addressed. Ongoing dialogue among policymakers, healthcare providers, and the public is essential to navigate these complexities responsibly.

6. Strengthened Cybersecurity Measures

As healthcare systems increasingly digitize patient information, the imperative to protect sensitive data from cyber threats has intensified. By 2025, healthcare providers are confronting stricter cybersecurity regulations designed to safeguard electronic protected health information (ePHI). These measures encompass enhanced security protocols, comprehensive incident-response plans, and rigorous compliance requirements under frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Collectively, these efforts aim to fortify the healthcare industry's resilience against escalating cyber threats.

Proposed Enhancements to HIPAA Security Rule

In January 2025, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office for Civil Rights (OCR) proposed significant modifications to the HIPAA Security Rule. These proposed changes are designed to bolster the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of ePHI in response to the evolving cybersecurity landscape. Key aspects of the proposed rule include:

• Mandatory Encryption: Healthcare organizations would be required to implement encryption protocols for ePHI, ensuring that sensitive medical data remains secure both at rest and during transmission. CSO Online

• Multifactor Authentication (MFA): The proposed rule mandates the adoption of MFA to enhance access controls, thereby reducing the risk of unauthorized access to patient information. InformationWeek

• Regular Security Assessments: Covered entities must conduct periodic risk assessments to identify and mitigate potential vulnerabilities within their systems, ensuring continuous compliance with updated security standards. HHS

• Elimination of "Addressable" Specifications: The distinction between "required" and "addressable" security measures would be removed, obligating all covered entities to implement comprehensive security controls without exception. Taft Law

Legislative and Regulatory Initiatives

The heightened focus on healthcare cybersecurity has prompted legislative action to address emerging threats. Senator Ron Wyden, a member of the Select Committee on Intelligence, has introduced bipartisan legislation aimed at enhancing cybersecurity standards for healthcare providers. This initiative underscores the critical need for a unified approach to protect the nation's healthcare infrastructure from sophisticated cyberattacks. The Wall Street Journal

While these regulatory advancements are essential for strengthening cybersecurity, healthcare providers, particularly smaller practices, face challenges in achieving compliance. The financial and operational burdens associated with implementing advanced security measures can be substantial. The proposed regulations are estimated to cost approximately $9 billion in the first year and $6 billion annually thereafter. These costs encompass investments in technology, staff training, and ongoing maintenance to uphold robust cybersecurity defenses. Reuters

As healthcare organizations adapt to new regulations and an evolving cyber threat landscape, compliance alone is no longer enough—proactive security measures are essential. The increasing sophistication of cyberattacks, combined with the stricter enforcement of HIPAA and other regulatory frameworks, means that healthcare providers must take a comprehensive approach to cybersecurity.

At Securafy, we provide end-to-end cybersecurity solutions tailored to the healthcare industry, ensuring organizations can meet compliance requirements while actively defending against threats. Our services include:

• Network Penetration Testing – Identifying vulnerabilities in both internal and external networks through real-world attack simulations.
• Compliance as a Service (CaaS) – Continuous monitoring and audits to maintain HIPAA, PCI, GDPR, and CMMC compliance.
• Dark Web Monitoring – Detecting exposed credentials before they can be exploited.
• Network Security Management – Proactively managing firewalls, security policies, and threat response.

Cyber threats will continue to evolve, but with the right security partner, healthcare organizations can stay ahead. As new regulations take effect, ensuring both compliance and real security is critical. Securafy’s cybersecurity and compliance solutions help healthcare providers protect patient data, reduce risk, and meet regulatory requirements with confidence. Learn more about Securafy's cybersecurity services here.

7. Cloud Computing for Scalable Healthcare Solutions

Cloud computing offers scalable and flexible solutions for healthcare IT infrastructure. In 2025, the adoption of cloud-based services has reached peak expectations, enabling healthcare organizations to manage data efficiently and support telehealth services. Cloud computing provides the necessary infrastructure to handle large volumes of data and facilitates seamless integration of various healthcare applications. Trinetix

Scalability and Flexibility

Cloud computing provides healthcare organizations with the ability to dynamically adjust resources based on demand, eliminating the need for costly hardware upgrades. This scalability ensures that healthcare providers can manage increasing data loads and expand services as needed, maintaining optimal performance and accommodating growth. For instance, the healthcare cloud computing market was valued at USD 48.88 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 199.21 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.90%. GlobeNewswire

Enhanced Data Management

The integration of cloud computing in healthcare facilitates improved data management by providing secure storage solutions and advanced analytics capabilities. Cloud platforms enable healthcare providers to store and process vast amounts of patient data securely, ensuring compliance with regulations such as HIPAA. Additionally, cloud-based analytics allow for real-time data access and processing, which is essential for timely decision-making and personalized patient care. A study revealed that 70% of healthcare organizations have adopted cloud computing solutions, with another 20% planning to migrate within the next two years, projecting a 90% adoption rate by 2025. HealthAxis

Support for Telehealth Services

The rise of telehealth services has been significantly bolstered by cloud computing, which offers the necessary infrastructure to support virtual consultations, remote patient monitoring, and digital therapeutics. Cloud-based telehealth platforms provide reliable, high-speed data transfer, enabling healthcare providers to offer remote care effectively. The integration of 5G technology with cloud computing further enhances telehealth capabilities by improving data transfer speeds and reducing latency, which is crucial for real-time patient monitoring and consultations. Clindcast

Seamless Integration of Healthcare Applications

Cloud computing enables the seamless integration of various healthcare applications, promoting interoperability and cohesive patient care. By utilizing cloud platforms, healthcare organizations can connect disparate systems, allowing for efficient data exchange and collaboration among healthcare professionals. This integration streamlines workflows, reduces administrative burdens, and enhances the overall quality of care provided to patients. For example, cloud-based solutions have been instrumental in improving bed management and patient flow in hospitals, leading to reduced wait times and increased operational efficiency. Financial Times

The adoption of cloud computing in healthcare by 2025 has revolutionized the industry, providing scalable, flexible, and secure solutions that enhance data management and support telehealth services. As healthcare organizations continue to embrace cloud-based technologies, they are better equipped to handle the growing demands of patient care, improve operational efficiency, and deliver high-quality, accessible healthcare services.

At Securafy, we specialize in providing secure and scalable cloud services tailored to the unique needs of healthcare organizations. Our offerings include:

• Scalability & Flexibility: Easily adjust resources without the need for costly hardware upgrades.

• Cost Efficiency: Flat-rate pricing eliminates unexpected IT expenses.

• Enhanced Security: Utilizing industry-leading encryption and firewall protection to safeguard your data.

• Seamless Integration: Ensuring smooth migration with minimal downtime, allowing your operations to continue without disruption.

Our team is dedicated to assisting healthcare providers in transitioning to cloud infrastructure, ensuring compliance with industry regulations, and enhancing overall operational efficiency.

8. AI-Powered Patient Engagement

Artificial intelligence is enhancing patient engagement by providing personalized interactions and support. In 2025, AI-powered engagement shifts healthcare from reactive to proactive, improving patient adherence, satisfaction, and outcomes. These tools offer tailored health information and reminders, fostering a more interactive and patient-centered healthcare experience. novobeing.com

Personalized Interactions

AI enables the delivery of tailored health information and reminders, ensuring that patients receive content relevant to their specific conditions and treatment plans. For instance, AI-powered virtual assistants can provide personalized guidance, medication reminders, and post-treatment care instructions, improving overall patient engagement. This level of personalization enhances patient adherence to treatment protocols and fosters a sense of individualized care. GlobeNewswire

Proactive Health Management

The integration of AI in patient engagement tools allows for the early detection of potential health issues through continuous monitoring and data analysis. Wearable devices and smart implants transmit real-time health data to AI systems, which can identify anomalies and prompt timely medical interventions. This proactive approach not only improves patient outcomes but also reduces the burden on healthcare systems by preventing the escalation of medical conditions. BCG

Enhanced Communication and Support

AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants offer 24/7 support, addressing patient inquiries and providing immediate assistance. These tools utilize natural language processing to understand and respond to patient concerns effectively. For example, AI-powered virtual assistants can provide personalized guidance, medication reminders, and post-treatment care instructions, improving overall patient engagement. GlobeNewswire

The expansion of telehealth services has been significantly bolstered by AI technologies. AI enhances virtual consultations by providing real-time data analysis and decision support to healthcare providers. Additionally, AI-powered virtual assistants can manage remote patient consultations and support virtual care, improving patient engagement and satisfaction. GlobeNewswire

9. Emphasis on Patient Experience and Satisfaction

Patient experience has become a focal point in healthcare delivery. In 2025, healthcare providers prioritize customer experience, condition-specific care, and measurement-based behavioral health care. This patient-centered approach aims to improve satisfaction and outcomes by addressing individual patient needs and preferences. Cigna Newsroom

Healthcare organizations are increasingly adopting strategies from the consumer sector to improve patient interactions. This includes streamlining appointment scheduling, reducing wait times, and enhancing communication channels. By focusing on the overall customer experience, providers aim to build trust and loyalty among patients. For instance, hospitals are implementing operational improvements and patient-centered approaches to elevate the patient experience. American Hospital Association

Condition-Specific Care

Tailoring healthcare services to address specific conditions allows for more personalized and effective treatment plans. Providers are developing specialized programs that consider the unique challenges and needs associated with particular health issues. This approach not only improves clinical outcomes but also enhances patient satisfaction by demonstrating a commitment to individualized care. For example, implementing lifestyle medicine approaches can address chronic conditions by focusing on nutrition, physical activity, and stress management. Journal Courier

Measurement-Based Behavioral Health Care

Incorporating measurement-based strategies in behavioral health care enables providers to track patient progress and adjust treatments accordingly. Regular assessments and feedback mechanisms ensure that care plans are effective and responsive to patient needs. This data-driven approach fosters better patient engagement and outcomes. For example, the implementation of "Martha's Rule" in the UK allows patients and families to request rapid reviews if they have concerns, empowering them to take an active role in their care. Wikipedia

In 2025, the emphasis on patient experience and satisfaction has transformed healthcare delivery into a more patient-centered model. Through prioritizing customer experience, offering condition-specific care, and utilizing measurement-based behavioral health strategies, healthcare providers are better equipped to meet individual patient needs, leading to improved satisfaction and health outcomes.

10. Adoption of Smart Surgical Instruments

Surgical procedures have evolved with the introduction of smart instruments. In 2025, smart surgical instruments are more prevalent, enhancing precision and patient safety during operations. These tools assist surgeons in performing complex procedures with greater accuracy, leading to improved surgical outcomes. Medtronic News

Enhanced Precision and Safety

Smart surgical instruments now incorporate artificial intelligence (AI), sensors, and real-time data analytics to assist surgeons during operations. For instance, AI-powered systems can record surgeries internally and analyze numerous procedures to provide insights that enhance surgical techniques. This capability not only refines the surgeon's skills but also contributes to better patient safety and outcomes. Medtronic News

Integration of Robotics in Surgery

The fusion of robotics with smart instruments has led to the development of AI-based surgical robots. These robots offer unparalleled precision, especially in complex procedures. The market for AI-based surgical robots is projected to grow from $6.72 billion in 2024 to $8.02 billion in 2025, reflecting their increasing adoption in operating rooms worldwide. The Business Research Company

Innovations in Surgical Navigation

Advancements in surgical navigation have introduced marker-less, multi-view systems capable of six degrees of freedom (6DoF) pose estimation of instruments. These systems utilize multiple cameras and AI algorithms to provide real-time, highly accurate tracking of surgical tools, enhancing the surgeon's ability to perform delicate operations with greater confidence and precision. arXiv

Case Study: Robotic-Assisted Prostate Surgery

A notable example of smart surgical instrument application is the dual-robotic surgery performed in Texas, aiming to preserve erectile function during prostate cancer treatment. This groundbreaking procedure combined two robotic systems to enhance precision and reduce postoperative complications, showcasing the potential of smart instruments in improving patient quality of life. New York Post

The adoption of smart surgical instruments by 2025 marks a significant advancement in medical technology. These tools not only augment the capabilities of surgeons but also prioritize patient safety and outcomes. As technology continues to evolve, the integration of AI, robotics, and advanced navigation systems in surgery is poised to become standard practice, revolutionizing the field of operative medicine.

The healthcare IT landscape in 2025 is evolving rapidly, with cutting-edge innovations driving improvements in patient care, operational efficiency, and data security. Technologies such as AI-powered diagnostics, cloud computing, and cybersecurity advancements are transforming how healthcare providers deliver faster, more accurate, and highly personalized care while ensuring compliance with ever-changing regulations.

However, adopting and managing these technologies effectively requires expertise, strategic planning, and a robust IT infrastructure. That’s where Securafy comes in.

At Securafy, we specialize in tailored IT solutions that help healthcare providers embrace the latest technology while ensuring security, compliance, and seamless integration. Whether it's network security, penetration testing, cloud infrastructure, or compliance support, our team ensures that your healthcare organization stays ahead of threats and operational challenges.

Ready to future-proof your healthcare IT systems?